Bibliotheek
INFORMATIE- EN ADVIESCENTRUM INZAKE DE SCHADELIJKE SEKTARISCHE ORGANISATIES
Auteur
MILES, Jack (Ed.)
BIALE, David (Ed.)
CUNNINGHAM, Lawrence S. (Ed.)
MCAULIFFE, Jane Dammen (Ed.)
Titel
The Norton Anthology of World Religions. Volume Two. Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Type document
Boek
Nummer ISBN/ISBD
978-0-393-06253-3
ISSN
Uitgever
W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Uitgaveplaats
New York NY
Publicatiejaar
2015
Pagina's
2080
Bijlagen
LXIV
Nummer van het werk
SEK-SEK-B0600-00137
Taal van het werk
Engels
Vindplaats
B 0600/00137
Rubrieknaam
B0600 E - Godsdiensten naslagwerk Engels - religions livre de référence anglais - religions refere
Samenvatting
List of maps
List of illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments

Jack Miles - General introduction: art, play, and the comparative study of religion


A. David Biale - Judaism. Introduction: Israel among the nations

I. First Temple literature, 2500 B.C.E.-586 B.C.E. Chronology

1. Before the Bible

- Enuma Elish: tablet V (the creation of the world); tablet Vi (the creation of mankind)
- The legend of Sargon
- Torah:
-- Genesis:
1/ God's work of creation
2/ Adam and Eve in Eden
12:1-3/ God's promise to Abram
17/ The rite of circumcision instituted
22:1-19/ The birth of Isaac: the expulsion of Hagar
38/ Judah's household troubles
-- Exodus:
1/ The oppression of Israel's descendants
2/ The birth of Moses: Moses flees Egypt
3/ Moses is charged by God to deliver Israel out of bondage
13:1-10/ The Exodus from Egypt
15:1-21/ A song of the sea
19/ God speaks to Moses on Mount Sinai
20/ The Ten Commandments
-- Leviticus:
9/ Aaron offers sacrifices to God
23/ Holiday laws
-- Deuteronomy:
6/ Exhortation to keep the Commandments
12:1-12/ Moses proclaims a code of special laws
-- 2 kings:
23:1-25/ Josiah restores true worship

2. Psalms

1/ 'Happy is the man'
2/ 'Why do nations assemble?'
19/ 'The heavens declare the glory of God'
139/ 'o Lord, you have examined me and knwo me'

3. Prophets
- Hosea: 
2/ The unfaithfulness of Hosea's wife; the idolatry of the nation
- Amos:
5:21-27/ A warning to the Israelites
9:11-15/ The restoration of Israel
- Isaiah:
1:1-28/ On the wickedness and redemption of Israel
2:1-5/ A prophecy of peace
6:1-8/ Isaiah's calling
40:1-26/ Peace: the greatness of God
- Jeremiah:
1:4-10/ Jeremiah's calling
31:31-34/ A new covenant
- Ezekiel:
1/ The vision of Ezekiel
37:1-14/ Ezekiel in the Valley of Bones


II. Second Temple literature, 538 B.C.E.-70 C.E. - Chronolgy

1. The Bible

1.1. Canonical writings

- The song of songs:
2:1-14/ 'I am a rose of Sharon'
8:6-7/ 'Let me be a seal upon your heart'
- Job:
1/ About Job: Satans wager with God
3/ Job curses his birth
38:1-18/ The Lord as creator
- Ecclesiastes:
1/ The vanity of life
3/ Everything has its time
- Daniel:
7/ The vision of the four beasts
12:1-4/ Prophecy of the end of time

2. After the Bible

2.1. Extracanonical writings

- Ben Sira (Ecclesiasticus):
1:1-20/ 'All wisdom is from the Lord'
39:1-11/ Wisdom and the Law of Moses
- 2 Maccabees:
6/ Desecration of the Temple; Martyrdom of Eleazar
7/ The martyrdom of the mother and her seven sons
10:1-8/ Restoration of the Temple
- 1 Enoch:
1/ Enoch's vision
10/ The Apocalypse
12/ The origin of evil
14/ Chastising the watchers; Enoch ascends to heaven
15/ God instructs Enoch; The origin of evil, continued
16/ Some consequences of Judgment Day
- Jubilees:
1/ Moses, God, the law, and Israel
2:17-24/ The Sabbath
6:23-38/ The calendar
50/ The Sabbath, continued

2.2. Dead Sea Scrolls

- Charter of association:
-- Column 1: Goals of the Yahad's rule
-- Column 2: The priests, the Levites, and the community
-- Column 3: The prince of light versus the angel of darkness
-- Column 4: The spirits of lights and darkness, continued
- The Damascus document:
-- Column A1: Israel's abandonment of God
-- Column A2: Consequences of being righteous or wicked
- Habbakuk commentary:
-- Column 1:16-17: Exhortation
-- Column 2: God's 'traitors'; The Kittim
-- Column 3 The Kittim, continues
-- Column 4: The Kittim, continued
-- Column 5: The chosen will pass judgment on the gentiles
-- Column 6: The Kittim and plunder
-- Column 7: On God's prophecy
-- Column 8: God's judgment on the wicked priest
-- Column 9: The wicked priest, continued
-- Column 10: God's judgment on the spreader of lies
-- Column 11:1-17: The wicked priest, continued
- The War Scroll, column 1:1-15:
-- Sons of light versus sons of darkness

2.3. Jewish literature in Ancient Greek
- Letter of Aristeas (to Philocrates)(2nd century B.C.E.)
- Philo of Alexandria (20 B.C.E. - 50 C.E.):
-- Soul and body of the divine laws
-- 'Know thyself'
- A Jewish inscription from Roman Egypt (mid-2nd century B.C.E. - eraly 2nd century C.E.)
- Flavius Josephus (37- ca. 100 C.E.):
-- The Jewish War
--- Chapter 7. Judaea under Roman rule



III. World of the Rabbis, 1st-7th century C.E. - Chronology

1. The oral Torah

- Pirkei Avot (1st-2nd century C.E.):
-- 1/ The chain of oral transmissions from Sinai
-- 4/ Sayings of the Rabbis
- Babylonian Talmud: Menachot:
-- 29b/ Moses returns as a Yeshiva boy
- Tosefta Sotah:
-- 13:3-4/ The decline of prophecy
- Babylonian Talmud: Bava Batra:
-- 12a-b/ Sage versus prophet
- Babylonian Talmud: Sabbath:
-- 31a/ Torah on one foot
- Babylonian Talmud: Eruvin
-- 13b/ Contradictions for the sake of heaven
- Tosefta Eduyot:
-- 1:4/ Learning from the losing side in debate
- Babylonian Talmud: Bava Metzia
-- 59b/ The oven of 'Akhnai
- Song of songs Rabbah: 1.1.11/ The hidden glory of a love song
- Avot de-Rabbi Nathan:
4/ Licensing the first Rabbinic Academy
1.4/ 'Mercy and not sacrifice'
- Babylonian Talmud: Sabbath
-- 88a/ A Midrash on Revelation

2. Law and legend

2.1. The laws of Sabbath observance and work
- Babylonian Talmud: Sabbath
-- 49b/ What counts as work?
-- 73 a/ The primary labours
-- 73 B/ 'Why state the number?'
-- 74 a/ The labours, continued; the Sabbath and food
- Genesis Rabbah: Sabbath
11.8. Israel married to the Sabbath

2.2. Legends on the creation of the world
- Genesis Rabbah:
1.1. The act of creation
1.9. God the artist
1.10. Creation and the Hebrew letter 'Beth'
2.5. Creation and deeds of good and evil
3.4. God's robe of light
6.3. Sun and moon

2.3. Legends on the binding of Isaac
- Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer:
-- 31/ The death and resurrection of Isaac
- Genesis Rabbah:
55.2. The Lord tries the righteous
55.7. 'Take...thy son'
56.4. Samael versus Abraham
56.8. Isaac afraid
56.9. Redemption and the binding of Isaac

3. The Rabbis among Pagans and Jews

3.1. The Rabbis and Greek culture
- Mishnah: Avodah Zarah:
-- 3.4. Aphrodite in the bathhouse
-- 3.1. Forbidden images
- Jerusalem Talmud: Avodah Zarah:
-- Images forbidden
-- Images permitted

3.2. Women challenge the Rabbis
- Babylonian Talmud: Berachot:
-- 51b/ Lady Yaltha's shattering descent
- Babylonian Talmud: Eruvin:
-- 53b-54a/ Lady Beruriah's defiant irony
- Jerusalem Talmud: Sotah:
-- 4:4/ 'And didn't you enjoy it?'
-- 3:16/ Why not give her a proper answer?

3.3. Synagogue and liturgy
3.3.1. The synagogue
- Babylonian Talmud: Berachot:
-- 7b-8a/ Rabbis don't pray in synagogues
- Tosefta Megillah:
-- 2:18N/ Proper synagogue comportment
- Inscription from Smyrna (2nd century B.C.E.): epitaph for a women who led a synagogue

3.3.2. Daily liturgy
- Aleinu - 'It is our duty to praise'
- Mourner's Kaddish - 'Glorified and sanctified be God's great name'

3.3.3. Passover
- Haggadah shel Pesach (script for home passover):
-- The introduction
-- The four questions
-- The reply
-- (History of the Jews)
-- The Midrash on Deuteronomy 26:5-8: introduction
-- The Midrash
-- Redemption

3.4. Dreams of redemption
- Midrash: Lamentations Rabbah:
-- Proem 24R: Shaming God into mercy
- Babylonian Talmud: Sanhedrin
-- Chapter XI. When will the Messiah come?
- Sefer Zerubbabel: a vision of two future Messiahs

3.5. Visions of heaven
- Tosefta Hagiga: 2:3-4/ 'Four entered the pardes'
- Babylonian Talmud: the story of Aher
- Visions of Ezekiel
- The myth of Sar Torah (the Prince of Torah)
- Sefer Yetsirah (The Book of Formation): chapter 1. Numerology and Gematria


IV. The Jewish Middle Ages, 637-1789. Chronology

1. Medieval curriculum

1.1. Joseph Ben Judah Ibn Aqnin (ca. 1150-ca. 1220): Tibb al-Nufus. A course study

2. Philosophy

2.1. Saadya Gaon (881-942)
- The Book of Beliefs and opinions:
-- Reason and faith
-- Four arguments for creation
-- The transcendence of the creator; arguments for the Creatio ex Nihilo
-- The two classes of law: laws of reason and laws of revelation
-- The resurrection fo the dead in the present world

2.2. Salomon Ben Jeroham (fl. 940-960): Milhamot ha-Shem - Canto II: A Karaite argument against Sa'adiah

2.3. Judah Halevi (1075-1141): the Kuzari: the preeminence of the Jewish people; the preeminence of the land of Israel

2.4. Moses Maimonides (1136/38-1204):
- Commentary on the Mishnah - The thirteen principles of faith
- Guide of the perplexed:
-- Introduction 5b-8b: on parables
-- Book One: chapter 55 - On referring to God; chapter 58 - On describing God through negations
-- Book Two: chapter 21 - God as creator
-- Book Three: chapter 32 - On the law

2.5. Isaac Abravanel (1437-1508): Rosh Amanah
- 23. An explanation of the correct opinion in this matter (of set principles)


3. Law

3.1. Hai Gaon (936-1038): Teshuvot ha-Ge'onim
- 18a/ Ship passengers on the Sabbath
- 59/ Reading by the Sabbath light

3.2. Anan Ben David (fl. 8th century): Karaite law of Sabbath:
V. On work, fire, and light

3.3. Moses Maimonides (1136/38-1204): Mishneh Torah
- Introduction - The law
- Laws of the Sabbath:
-- 1:1/ Resting from work
5:1/ Lighting the candles
30:1-10, 15/ Miscellaneous Sabbath laws

3.4. Abraham Ben David of Posquières (Rabad) (ca. 1125-1198): Maimonides challenged

3.5. Meir of Rothenburg (Maharam) (ca. 1215-1293): Responsa
- 36-54/ Sabbath rules in ordinary life
783-784/ Martyrdom and suicide

3.6. Joseph Karo (1488-1575). Shulhan Arukh: 263:2-3/ On Sabbath


4. Bible commentary

4.1. Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzhaki)(1040-1105). Commentary:
- On Genesis 1:1
- Introduction to Song of Sons

4.2. Abraham Ibn Ezra (ca. 1089 - ca. 1164). Introduction to the Torah:
- Introductory prayer
- Path 1. Path of the sages
- Path 2. Path of the meanderers
- Path 3. Path of darkness and black gloom
- Path 4. Path of the sages in Christian lands
- path 5. Grammatical interpretation of Torah

4.3. Ramban (Rabbi Moses Ben Nahman: Nahmanides) (1194-1270). The Book of Genesis: introduction


5. Poetry - sacred and secular

5.1. Eleazar Ben Kallir (ca. 6th century?) - The Dialogue of Zion and God

5.2. Ephraim of Bonn (1132-1200) - The slaughter of Isaav and his revival

5.3. Dunash Ben Labrat (10th century) - 'Let scripture be your Eden'

5.4. The wife of Dunash (10th century) - 'Will her love remember'

5.5. Yitzhaq Ibn Mar Sha'ul (mid 10th - ealy 11th century) - 'A fawn sought in Spain'

5.6. Samuel Ha-Nagid (993-1056):
- 'In fact I love that fawn'
- The house of prayer
- 'First war'
- The market

5.7. Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021-1057):
- The Book of Grammar: prologue
- The bee
- 'I look for you'
- 'You lie in my palace'

5.8. Moses Ibn Ezra (1055- after 1148): Heart's desire

5.9. Judah Halevi (1075-1141):
- True life
- 'You knew me'
- A doe far from home
- 'My heart is in the East'

5.10. Abraham Ibn Ezra (ca. 1089- ca. 1164):
- Fortune's stars
- World poetry
- 'You whose hearts are asleep'

5.11. Todros Abulafia (1247 - after 1300):
- 'I've labored in love'
- 'May my tongue'
- 'There's nothing wrong in wanting a woman'
- 'Old age is double-edged'
- 'The Lord is good'

6. Piety beyond the law

6.1. Bahya Ibn Pakuda (fl. 1st half of the 11th century). Hovot ha-Levavot: On asceticism, its kinds and advantages

6.2. Judah the Hassid (ca. 1150- ca. 1217). Sefer Hassidim:
- Ascetic practices
- A visit to Gan Eden
- A person's place in Gan Eden
- The blood of martyrs

6.3. Eleazar of Worms (ca. 1176-1238). Hasidic piety

6.4. Alphabet of Ben Sirah. Lilith, Adam's first wife

6.5. Sefer Rezial. This is the prayer of Adam, the first man

6.6. The awesome tale of Rabbi Kalonymous

6.7. A porter saves Maimonides' life

6.8. The mock marriage


7. Women's spirituality

7.1. Tekhines (17th-18th century):
- The kindling of the lights
- The Mitzvah of Sabbath candles
- The high priest and the kindling of the lights
- Women's Mitzvot and the female body

7.2. Glückel of Hameln (1646-1724). The memoirs: Book One: introduction


8. Mysticism

8.1. Moses de Léon and the rise of Kabbalah

8.1.1. The Zohar (late 13th century):
- Exegesis III:152 a. The bodies of the Torah, and the soul of the Torah
- Introduction:
-- 1:1 a-b/ The creation of the universe
-- 1:3b / On Be-Reshit, in 'the beginning'
-- 1:4a-5a/ On the Messiah and the secrets of the Torah
- Parashat Be-Reshit
-- 1:1-15a/ On creation
--1:49B-51b/ Male and female
- Shabbat: 2:135a-b/ The secret of Sabbath

8.1.2. Attributed to Ramban (Rabbi MOses Ben nahman: nahmanides) (2nd half of the 13th century). The holy letter.
- Chapter 2. The first way. The nature of intercourse


8.2. Isaac Luria and the transformation of Kabbalah in Palestine

8.2.1. Isaac Luria (1534-1572):
- Luria's role in Kabbalah
- Luria on creation: withdrawal and shattering; shattering and growth; traces
- Luria on prayer

8.2.2. Solomon Alkabetz (ca. 1505 - ca. 1576). Lekhah Dodi (come, my friend)

8.2.3. A Dybbuk story (ca. early 17th century). Isaac Luria and the Safed widow


9. Medieval Messianism: between politics and mysticism

9.1. Moses Maimonides (1136/38-1204)
- Mishneh Torah - Book 14: Judges
-- Chapter 11. Laws on Messiah
-- Chapter 12. Laws on Messiah, continued

9.2. Ramban (Rabbi Moses Ben nahman: Nahmanides (1194-1270):
- The Barcelona disputation
- The Book of Redeption

9.3. Nathan of Gaza (1643-1680):
- Letter to Raphael Joseph
- Letter to Sabbatai Zevi's brother

9.4. Abraham Miguel Cardozo (1627-1706). Apology for the fallen messiah


10. Hasidism and its opponents

10.1. Founder of Hassidism: Rabbi Israel Ben Eliezer

10.1.1. Rabbi Israel Ben Eliezer (Baal Shem Tov; The Besht) (1698-1760)
- Letter of the Besht to his brother-in-law
- In praise fo the Baal Shem Tov:
-- The Besht reveals himself
-- Rabbi Gershon, the Besht, and the Zoahr
-- The dance of the Hasidim
-- The Besht and Shabbetai Tsevi
-- The Lithuanian Jew and the Besht
- Zava'at ha-Rivash:
-- Union in prayer
-- The dangers of sorrow:
--- I. Sorrow and worship
--- II. Evil desires and prayer
- Keter Shem Tov:
-- The purpose of food

10.2. In the footsteps of the Besht

10.2.1. Dov Baer, the Maggid of Meseritch (died 1772). Maggid Devarav Le-Yaakov:
- God is in all
- God's presence in the world

10.2.2. Rabbi Levi Yitzhak of Berdichev (1740-1810). Kedushat Levi: the prupose of worship

10.2.3. Rabbi Menahem Mendel of Vitebsk (1730-1788)
- Pri ha-Aretz:
-- The secrets of the contraction of the moon
-- The Zaddik's mission

10.2.4. Rabbi Nahman of Bratslav (1772-1810).
- Kitzur Likutey Moharan:
-- Obedience to the Zaddik
- Likutey Moharan Kama:
-- Israel and the world
- Tales (the loss of the princess)

10.3. Hasidism's opponents

10.3.1. The Brody Proclamation (1772)

10.3.2. Hayyim of Volozhin (1749-1821). Nefesh ha-Hayyim (on 'Lishmah')



V. Modern Judaism, 1789 to the present. Chronology

1. Harbingers of modernity

1.1. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677).
- Theological-political treatise:
-- Chapter 3. Of the vocation of the Hebrews, and whether the gift of prophecy was peculiar to them
-- Chapter 7. Of the interpretation of scripture

1.2. Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786). Jerusalem


2. The science of Judaism: the new historicism

2.1. Immanuel Wolf (active early 19th century). On the concept of a science of Judaism

2.2. Nahman Krochmal (1785-1840). Moreh Nevukhe ha-Zeman: only an historical approach can preserve Judaism

2.3. Heinrich Graetz (1817-1891). History of the Jews: introduction to Volume Four: The Diaspora and Jewish literature

2.4. Gershom Scholem (1897-1982). The science of Judaism - then and now

2.5. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi (1932-2009). Zakhor (on Jewish historicism)


3. Nineteenth-century religious movements

3.1. Reform
- Samuel Holdheim (1806-1874):
-- This is our task
-- Talmud and reform
- Abraham Geiger (1810-1874):
-- Present-day Judaism and its intellectual trends
-- On the lack of religious fervor in present-day Jewry: reflections of a layman

3.2. Refrom begets orthodoxy
- Moses Sofer (1762-1839):
-- The ethical will of an orthodox leader
-- Responsum: on the Reformed Temple
- Moses Schick (1807-1879):
-- Responsum: Reformed Jews as heretics
- Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888): religion allied to progress: our principle
- Akiva Schlesinger (1837-1922). Lev ha-Ivri: resisting change
- Israel Meir Kagan Poupko (the Hafetz Hayim) (1838-1933). Sefer Homat ha-Dat: warding off the evil of religious reform

3.3. A middle path
- Zecharias Frankel (1801-1875): on changes in Judaism

3.4. The varieties of modern Halakhah: Sabbath
- Israel Meir Kagan Poupko (the Hafetz Hayim) (1838-1933). Mishnah Berurah:
-- Introduction (on the Sabbath)
-- The Sabbath, continued
- Moshe Feinstein (1895-1986). Responsum: modern challenges to orthodoxy
- Arthur H. Neulander (1896-1988). The use of electricity on the Sabbath

4. Women's voices
- Rahel Morpurgo (1790-1871):
-- 'Lament no more'
-- 'Woe! My knowledge is weak'
- Emma Lazarus (1849-1887):
-- In the Jewish synagogue at Newport
-- The new Ezekiel
-- 1492

5. The tradition in twentieth-century Jewish thought

5.1. Hermann Cohen (1842-1918)
- Religion of reason out of the sources of Judaism - Introduction

5.2. Martin Buber (1878-1965)
- Hasidism and modern man:
-- II. Hasidism and one's personal relationship with God
-- III. Reconciling the sacred and profane
- I and thou:
-- First part: The twofold world; The three relational worlds
-- Third part: Hallowing the everyday

5.3. Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983)
- Judaism as a civilization:
-- Chapter XXII. Introductory: the need for reorientation to the problem of religion
-- Chapter XXIII. The place of religion in Jewish life

5.4. Franz Rosenzweig (1886-1929)
- The star of redemption
-- Part 2., book 2. Revelation or the ever-renewed birth of the soul
-- Part 3, book 1. The fire of the eternal life

5.5. Joseph Ber Soloveitchik (1903-1993). Halakhic man:
- Part 1. Halakhic man: his world view and his life
- Part 2. Halakhic man: his creative capacity

5.6. Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907-1972). The Sabbath:
- Prologue. Architecture of time
- Part One. A palace in time
- Epilogue

6. Feminist thinkers confront the tradition

6.1. Alicia Ostriker (born 1937): entering the tents

6.2. Rachel Adler (born 1943)
- The Jew who wasn't there: Halakhah and the Jewish woman
- In your blood, live: re-visions of a theology of purity

6.3. Sara Reguer. Kaddish from the 'wrong' side of the Mehitzah

6.4. Judith Plaskow (born 1947). The right question is tehological


VI. Shoah

1. Theologians

1.1. Emil L. Fackenheim (1916-2003).
- God's presence in history:
-- The commanding voice of Auschwitz
-- Witness unto the nations
-- Longing, defiance, endurance

1.2. Primo Levi (1919-1987)
- Survival in Auschwitz. The Canto of Ulysses

1.3. Richard Rubenstein (born 1924)
- After Auschwitz. Chapter 1. The dean and the chosen people

1.4. Elie Wiesel (born 1928). From 'Night'


2. Poets

2.1. Nely Sachs (1891-1970)
- O the chimneys
- But who emptied your shoes of sand

2.2. Jacob Glatstein (1896-1971)
- Without Jews

2.3. Amir Gilboa (1917-1984). Isaac

2.4. Paul Celan (1920-1970). Death fugue

2.5. Dan Pagis (1930-1986). Written in pencil in the sealed freight car

VII. Zionism and the State of Israel

1. Ahad Ha'am (Asher Ginsberg) (1856-1927). The spiritual revival

2. Aaron David Gordon (1856-1922)
- People and labor
- Our tasks ahead

3. Abraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935). Lights for rebirth

4. Martin Buber (1878-1965)
- Nationalism and Zion
- Hebrew humanism

5. Gershom Scholem (1897-1982). Thoughts about our language

6. Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903-1994). The religious significance of the State of Israel


VIII. Secular Jews confront the tradition

1. Ahad Ha'am (Asher Ginsberg) (1856-1927). The supremacy of reason

2. Micha Yosef Berdichevsky (1865-1921)
- In two directions
- The question of our past

3. Hayyim Nahman Bialik (1873-1934)
- Revealment and concealment in language
- Ha-Masmid

4. Saul Tchernikhovsky (1875-1924). Before a statue of Apollo

5. Franz Kafka (1883-1924). Before the law

6. Kadya Molodowsky (1894-1975)
- Merciful God
- The Sabbath song
- Moses and Aaron

7. Gershom Scholem (1897-1982). Revelation and tradition as religious categories in Judaism

8. Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000). Gods change, prayers are here to stay

9. Philip Roth (born 1933). Circumcision and the secular Jew



B. Lawrence S. Cunningham - Christianity. Introduction: the words, and the word made flesh

I. the Apostolic Era, 4 B.C.E. - 100 C.E.. Chronology

1. The Old Testament

1.1. Genesis
- Genesis 1-3. 'I was afraid because I was naked'
- Genesis 12:1-3. 'All the families of the earth shall bless themselves by you'
- Genesis 15:1-6. 'And because he put his trust in the Lord, he reckoned it to his merit'
- Genesis 22:1-19. 'Because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your favored one' 

1.2. Exodus
- Exodus 19-20:23. 'You shall have no other Gods beside me'

1.3. Deuteronomy
- Deuteronomy 6:1-15. 'You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart'


1.4. Samuel
- Samuel 2:1-10. 'And Hannah prayed'
- Samuel 7:8-17. 'I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me'

1.5. Psalms, Proverbs
- Psalm 22. 'My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?'
- Psalm 23. 'The Lord is my shepherd'
- Psalm 110. 'The Lord says to my lord, 'sit at my right hand'
- Proverbs 8:22-31. 'I was by his sisde, a master craftsman'

1.6. Isaiah
- Isaiah 9:1-6. 'And he is named wonderful counselor, mighty God, everlasting Father, prince of peace'
- Isaiah 11:1-9. 'The wolf shall dwell with the lamb'
- Isaiah 40:1-8. 'Prepare ye the way of the Lord'
- Isaiah 52:13-53. 'A sheep silent before shearers, he did not open his mouth'
- Isaiah 56:1-8. 'My house shall be called a house of prayer for all peoples'

1.7. Jeremiah
- Jeremiah 31:31-34. 'I will make a new convenant... and inscribe it upon their hearts'

1.8. Ezekiel, Daniel
- Ezekiel 37:1-14. 'Son of man, can these bones live?'
- Daniel 7:1-14. 'Behold, one like the son of man came with the clouds of heaven'


2. The New Testament

1. John: John 1:1-18. 'In the beginning was the word'

2. Luke: Luke 1-2:14. 'You will find a child wrapped in bands of cloth and lying in a manger'

3. Matthew
- Matthew 5-7. 'When someone strikes you on your right cheeck, turn the other one to him as well'
- Matthew 19:16-26. 'Go, sell what you have and give to (the) poor'
- Matthew 25:31-46. 'I was... in prison and you visited me'

4. Luke
- Luke 10:21-37. ' a Samaritan.. went to him and bandaged his wounds'
- Luke 15:1-32. 'This brother of yours was dead and has come to life: he was lost and has been found'

5. Mark
- Mark 1:1-13. 'The voice of one crying out in the wilderness'
- Mark 5:35-43. 'The child is not dead but sleeping'
- Mark 6:45-52. 'He came towards them walking on the sea'
- Mark 8:27-9:8. 'One for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah'
- Mark 14-16:8- 'My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?'

6. John, Acts
- John 20. 'Except I.. thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe'
- Acts 2:1-8, 12-46. 'Divided tongues, as of fire, appearedamong them'

7. Letters of Paul
- 2 Corinthians 10-11. 'Are they Israelites? So am I?'
- Romans 7-9. 'Wretched man that I am! Who will rescue me... ?'
- Galatians 3:6-9, 23-29. 'There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer salve or free, there is no longer male or female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus'
- Philippians 1:27-2:11. 'He made himself nothing'
- 1 Corinthians 15:12-19, 35-44, 51-58. 'The trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible'

8. Hebrews, James
- The letter to the Hebrews 1-12:2. 'Witnesses in a great cloud all around us'
- James 2:14-24. 'Faith apart from works is barren'

9. Revelation
- Revelation 20-21:8. 'Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth'


II. The Patristic Era, 100-600 C.E. Chronology

1. Early Christian worship
- Saint Justin martyr 'ca. 100-165). From 'The apology'
- Anonymous (early 2nd century). The Didache
- Egeria (late 4th century). From 'The travels of Egeria'
- Saint John Chrysostom (ca. 347-407). From 'The Eucharistic prayer in the Byzantine liturgy'

2. The Roman persecutions
- Tacitus (ca. 56 - ca.120). From 'The animals'
- Pliny the Jounger (ca. 61 - ca. 113) and the Emperor Trajan (53-117). Letters
- Anonymous (early 2nd century). From 'The martyrdom of Polycarp'
- Origen (185 - ca. 254). From 'An exhortation to martyrdom'
- Anonymous editor (early 3rd century). From 'The passion of Perpetua and Felicity'

3. Other Christian Gospels
- Anonymous (mid-to-late 2nd century?). From 'The Gospel of Thomas'
- Anonymous (mid-to-late 2nd century?). From 'The Protoevangelium of James'

4. Articulations of Christian belief
- Irenaeus of Lyons (130? - 202). From 'Against the heresies'
- Tertullian (ca. 160-225). De Spectaculis: on Roman circus, theater, and gladiatorial games
- The First Ecumenical Council (325). The Nicene creed.
- The Second Ecumenical Council (381). The creed of Nicaea-Constantinople
- The Third Ecumenical Council (431). The formula of union at Ephesus
- The Fourth Ecumenical Council (451). On the person and nature of Christ
- Saint John of Damascus (ca. 675-749). Three treatises on images. From 'The third treatise'
- Pseudo-Dionysus the Areopagite (fl. ca. 500). On mystical theology. From chapter 1, 4, 5

5. Biographical and autobiographical texts
- Saint Jerome (ca. 347-420). From 'Letters'
- Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430).
-- Confessions: from book 8, 10
-- The city of God, from book XIV
- Sulpicius Severus (ca. 360- ca. 420). Life of Saint Martin. Chapter II, from chapter III; chapter X
- Saint Patrick (late 5th century). From 'Confession'
- Anonymous (8th century). Saint Patrick's breastplate

6. Early Christian hymnody
- Prudentius (348-411?). From 'Ode in honour of the blessed martyr Lawrence'
- Saint Ephrem the Syrian (306?-373). Hymns on the nativity. Hymn 7
- Saint Romanos the Melodist (early 6th century). The standing hymn
- Anonymous (8th century?). From 'The dream of the Rood'

7. The ascetic tradition
- Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (ca. 296-373). From 'Life of Anthony'
- Saint Gregory of Nyssa (ca. 335 - ca. 395). Life of Macrina. Saint Macrina's last words
- Anonymous (4th and 5th centuries). From 'Sayings of the desert fathers'
- Saint Benedict of Nursia (480? - 543). From 'Rule of Saint benedict'


IV. The Middle Ages, 600 - 1300; cHRONOLOGY

1. Missionary expansion
- Saint Bede the Venerable (673? - 735). Ecclesiastical history of the English people. From 'Book two'
- Rudolf of Fulda (800? - ca. 862-65). The life of Abbess Leoba. From 'Prologue'
- Anonymous (early 12th century). From 'The Russian primary chronicle'

2. Medieval Monasticism
- Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109). Meditations. Meditation on human redemption
- Saint Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179). Scivias: vision 12: the new heaven and the new earth
- Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153):
-- Sermons on the Song of Songs: sermon 3. The kiss of the Lord's feet, hands and mouth

3. The Mendicanti tradition
- Saint Francis of Assisi (1181 or 1182-1226):
-- The Testament
-- The canticle of Brother Sun
-- Little flowers - Saint Francis preaches to the birds
- Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274):
-- From 'On the Lord's prayer'
-- Summa contra Gentiles. On knowing the creator through his creatures

4. Medieval Latin hymnody
- Anonymous (ca. 9th century) - Ave Maris Stella
- Anonymous (late 11th century) - Salve Regina
- Wipo (died 1050) - Victimae Paschali Laudes
- Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) - Pange, Lingua, Gloriosi
- Anonymous (13th century) - Dies Irae


V. The Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 1300-1517. Chronology

1. Visions of hell and heaven, creation and creator
- Dante Alighieri (1265-1321):
-- The Divine Comedy:
--- Inferno (from Canto I, III)
--- Paradiso (canto XXXIII)
- Meister Eckhart (ca. 1260-1327). Sermon 15. On poverty of spirit
- Anonymous (late 15th century). From 'The summoning of everyman'
- Saint Catherine of Siena (1347-1380):
-- The dialogue: prologue; the bridge
- Julian of Norwich (1342- ca. 1416). From 'Showings'
- Thomas à Kempis/ (ca. 1380-1471). The imitation of Christ. From 'Book One'


2. Outspoken women and the first stirrings of reform

- William Langland (ca. 1330-1387). Piers Plowman. Passus VII. On sloth and a slothful monk
- Margery Kempe (ca. 1373-1438). The boo, of Margery Kempe. Examination before the Archbishop of York
- Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1343-1400). The Canterbury Tales. From 'The wife of Bath's prologue'


VI. Reformations and the wars of religion, 1517-1700. Chronology

1. Pillars of the Protestant Reformation in Germany, France, and England
- Martin Luther (1483-1546):
-- From 'The freedom of a Christian'
-- Large Catechism: the Sixth Commandment
-- Small Catechism for ordinary pastors and preachers (preface)
-- A lighty fortress is our God
- John Calvin (1504-1565): The institutes of the Christian religion (on predestination)
- Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556):
--The Book of common prayer. From 'The order for the administration of the Lord's supper or Holy Communion'

2. Duelling martyrologies, Christian contra Christian
- Elizabeth, a Dutch Anabaptist (16th century). The mirror of martyrs. Letter
- Henry More (1586-1661). The Elizabethan Jesuits. the trial and execution of Robert Southwell

3. Spanish mystics and the Catholic Reformation
- Saint Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556): the spiritual exercices. From 'A meditation on the two standards'
- Saint Teresa of Avila (1515-1582). The book of her life. Chapter 1

4. Christianity reaches the New World and China
- Bartolomé de las Casas (1484-1556). Rules for confessors. Prologue
- Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695). From 'Reply to Sister Philoteia'
- Nicholas Trigault (1577-1628). A seventeenth-century Jesuit missionary in China

5. Baroque devotion in a century of conversion and counterconversion
- Robert Southwell (1561-1595). The burning babe
- John Donne (1572-1631). death, be not proud
- George Herbert (1593-1633). The holdfast
- Richard Crashaw (ca. 1613-1649). From 'To the noblest and best of ladies, the Countess of Denbigh'

6. Epics of salvation
- John Milton (1608-1674): Paradise Lost; from Book I, XII
- John Bunyan (1628-1688); The pilgrim's progress. From 'The second part'

7. Protestant Catholics, Catholic Protestants, and beyond
- Blaise Pascal (1623-162). From 'Pensées'
- Roger Williams (1603-1683). From 'The bloody tenet of persecution, for cause of conscience, in a conference between truth and peace


VIII. Encounters with modernity, 1700-1914. Chronology

1. The Bible within the limits of reason alone
- Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694-1768). Apology for rational worshippers of God. Contradictions in the Gospels resurrection accounts
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
-- Emile, or on education. From 'Profession of faith of the Savoyard vicar'
- Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834). On religion: speeches to its cultural despisers, from 'On the religions' (from 'Fifth speech')
- Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930). From 'What is Christianity?'
- Alfred Firmin Loisy (1857-1940). The Firmin lectures, from 'The individualist theory of religion'

2. Romanticism, nature, and the Christianity of the heart
- Nicolas von Zinzendorf (1700-1760). From 'The brotherly agreement at Herrnhut'
- Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). From 'Personal narrative'
- John Wesley (1703-1791). From 'Journal'
- Charles Wesley (1707-1788). Love divine, all loves excelling
- Joseph Smith (1805-1844). Pearl of great price, from 'The history of Joseph Smith, the prophet'
- Charlotte Elliott (1789-1871). Just as I am
- Jarena Lee (1783 - ca. 1849). The life and religious experience of Jarena Lee. My call to preach the Gospel
- Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1823-1911). From 'Negro spirituals'
- Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910). The battle hymn of the Republic
 Anonymous (mid-19th century). The way of a pilgrim. From 'Chapter 1'

3. Scandal and paradox, fear and faith
- John Henry Newman (1801-1890). Apologia pro vita sua, from 'Chapter V
- Sören Kierkegaard (1813-1855):
- Fear and trembling:
-- From 'Preface'
-- Tuning up
-- From 'Eulogy on Abraham'
- G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936). Orthodoxy, from 'Paradoxes of Christianity'

4. The sea of faith: ebb or flood?
- Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895). From 'Agnosticism and Christianity'
- Matthew Arnold (1822-1888). Dover beach
- Emily Dickinson (1830-1886):
-- He fumbles at your soul
-- Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
- Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889). The windhover
- David Livingstone (1813-1873). From 'Missionary travels and researches in South Africa' (Livingstone makes his first convert)
- Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965). From 'Christianity and the religions of the world'


VIII. The twentieth century, 1914-2001. Chronology

- Jane Addams (1860-1935). From 'A new impulse to an old Gospel'
- Wilfred Owen (1893-1918). The parable of the old man and the young'
- T.S. Elliot (1888-1965). Journey of the Magi
- Bertrand Russell (1872-1970). From 'Why I am not a Christian'
- Karl Barth (1886-1968). Our anxiety and God
- Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971):
-- Why the Christian Church is not pacifist
--- The truth and heresy of pacifism
--- The contribution of a true pacifism
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945). From 'The cost of discipleship'
- W.H. Auden (1907-1973). Firday's child (in memory of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, martyred at Flossenburg, april 9th, 1945
- William Temple (1881-1944). From 'German atrocities: aid for refugees (resolution on behalf of the Jews of Europe)
- Simone Weil (1909-1943). From 'Reflections on the right use of school studies with a view to the love of God'
- Mother Maria Skobtsova (1891-1945). From 'The Second Gospel Commandment'
- Dorothy Day (1897-1980). From 'The duty of delight'
- Paul Tillich (1886-1965). Dynamics of faith. From 'What faith is'
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955). From 'The mass on the world'
- Thomas Merton (1915-1968). From 'No man is an island'
- C.S. Lewis (1898-1963). The four loves. From 'Charity'
- Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)/ I have a dream
- The Second Vatican Council (1965). Nostra Aetate
- Gustavo Gutiérrez (born 1928). From 'The task and content of liberation theology'
- Desmond Tutu (born 1931). From 'The rainbow people of God'
- Rigoberta Menchu (born 1959). I, Rigoberta Menchu. The Bible and self-defence: the examples of Judith, Moses, and david
- Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004):
-- Campo dei Fiori
-- You who wronged
-- Readings


IX. The new Millennium, 2001-the present. Chronology
- Yeon Mee Lee (born 1966). From 'A political reception of the Bible: Korean Minjung. Theological interpretation of the Bible
- Christian de Chergé (1937-1996). Spiritual testament
- Liu Zhenying (Brother Yun; born 1958). The heavenly man. From 'Back to Jerusalem'
- Pope John Paul II (1920-2005) and ecumenical patriarch Bartholomew I (born 1940). Common declaration on environmental ethics
- Christian Wiman (born 1966). From 'My bright abyss'


C. Jane Dammen MacAuliffe - Islam.
Introduction: submission to God as the wellspring of a civilization


I. The foundational epoch, 610-750. Chronology

1. Qur'an: God's culminating gift to humankind
- Sura 1
- Sura 4
- Sura 12
- Sura 55
- Suras 78-114

2. Sira: the life story of the Prophet

2.1. Ibn Hisham (died 833)
Ibn Ishaq's 'The life of Muhammad':
- The Prophet's mission
- The beginning of the sending down of the Qur'an
- Khadija, daughter of Khuwaylid, accepts Islam
- The prescription of prayer
- 'Ali b. Abu Talib the first male to accept Islam
- The apostle's public preaching and the response
- The covenenant between the Muslims and the Medinans and with the Jews


II. The classical synthesis, 750-1756. Chronology 

1. Hadith and Sunna: the perfect man remembered as the perfect guide to life
- Al-Bukhari (810-870). The early years of Islam:
-- The story of the night journey
-- The ascension
- Muslim Ibn al-Hajjaj (821-875):
-- Authentic collection of the sayings and doings of the Prophet Muhammad:
--- From 'The book of virtue, good manners, and joining of the ties of relationship'
--- From 'The book of knowledge'
--- From 'The book pertaining to paradise, its discription, its bounties and its intimates'
- Al-Nawawi (1233-1277): Gardens of the righteous:
-- on the excellence of reading the Quran
-- on safeguarding the Quran
-- on good recitation of the Quran
-- on special chapters and verses
-- on gathering together for recitation of the Quran
- Muhammad Baqir Majlisi (1627-1699): Oceans of lights:
-- Al-Baqir, the 5th imam
-- Ja'far al-Sadiq, the 6th imam
-- Musa, the 7th imam
-- From 'Ali al-Rida, the 8th imam'

2. Shari'a and Fiqh: divine will and human interpretation
- Al-Shafi'i (767-820): The epistle on legal theory:
-- Obligations established by explicit texts and in regard to which God's emissary provided a parallel practice
-- Obligations expressed in general tersm
-- Concerning alms
- Ibn Hanbal (780-855). From 'The book of marriage'
- Al-Qayrawani (922-996). Treatise on law:
-- Chapter 1. Marriage, divorce, return, unjurious assimilation...


III. The intellectual elaboration of the classical synthesis

1. Kalam: theology

- Abu Hanifa (699-767). Two creeds:
-- The Fikh Akbar I
-- The Fikh Akbar II
- Al-Ash'ari (874-935). The concise remarks:
-- Chapter 8. Discussion of faith
-- Chapter 9. Discussion of the particular and the universal, and of the promise and the threat
- Ibn Babawayh (Shaykh Saduq) (ca.; 920-991). The beliefs of the Shi'is:
-- Chapter 35. The belief concerning the number of prophets and vicegerents
-- Chapter 36. The belief concerning infallibility
-- Chapter 39. The belief concerning dissimulation
- Al-Ghazali (1058-1111). From 'The revival of the religious sciences: The Book of the Conduct of Life as exemplified by the prophetic character'
- Shah Wali Allah (1703-1762). The conclusive argument from God:
-- Chapter 71. Fortifying the religion against distortion
- Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab (1703-1792). From 'The history and doctrines of the Wahhabis'

2. Falsafa: philosophy
- Al-Farabi (ca. 878-950). The virtuous city:
-- Chapter 15. Perfect associations and perfect ruler: faulty associations
- Ibn Sina (980-1037). The book of healing:
-- Metaphysics X:
--- Chapter 2. Proof of prophecy. The manner of the Prophet's call to God, the exalted. The 'return' to God
--- Chapter 3. Acts of worship: their benefits in this world and the next
--- Chapter 4. Establishment of the city, the household (that is, marriage), and the general laws pertaining to these matters
--- Chapter 5. Concerning the Caliph and the Imam: the necessity of obeying them. Remarks on politics, transactions, and morals
- Ibn Rushd (1126-1198). The decisive treatise on the harmony of religion and philosophy:
-- Chapter 3. Philosophical interpretations of scripture should not be taught to the majority. The law provides other methods of instructing them

3. 'Ulum al-Qur'an: scripture scholarship or 'Qur'anic sciences'
- Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi (1149/50-1210). From 'The great commentary'
- Ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328). From 'Introductory treatise on the principles of Tafsir'

4. 'Ilm al-Akhlaq: private ethics and public governance
- Miskawayh (ca. 932-1030). The refinement of character. A section on the education of the young...
- Al-Mawardi (974-1058). The ordinances of government. From 'Chapter 9. On the appointment of prayer leaders'
- Nizam Al-Mulk (1018-1092). The Book of Government, of manners of the Kings:
-- Chapter 14. Concerning constant employment of messengers and carriers
-- Chapter 15. On being careful about giving verbal orders in drunkenness and sobriety
-- Chapter 16. Concerning the steward of the household and the importance of his post
-- Chapter 17. Concerning boon-companions and intimates of the King and of the conduct of their affairs
-- Chapter 35. Concerning the arrangements for settinga good table
- Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi (1201-1274). The Nasirean ethics. Concering the chastisement and regulation of wives

5. Ta'rikh: history, geography, and travel writing
- Ibn Al-Kalbi (ca. 737-821). The book of idols:
-- From 'Introduction'
-- Manah
-- Allat
-- From 'al-'Uzza'
- Al-Baladhuri (d. ca. 892). The origins of the Islamic State:
-- The Conquest of Syria
-- The advance of Khalid ibn-al Walid on Syria and the places he reduced on his way
- Al-Tabari (ca. 839-923). The history of messengers and Kings:
-- 'Abbasid authority affirmed
--- The reason Abu Ja'far built Baghdad
- Ibn Al-Nadim (d. ca. 990). The catalogue
-- The second section of the 1st chapter, with the titles of the books of the laws revealed to the community of Muslims and the sects of the peoples (through revealed books)
- Ibn Munqidh (1095-1188). The book of instruction by example. From 'An appreciation of the Frankish character
- Ibn Jubayr (1145-1217). The travels. From 'The month of Jumada 'I-Ula (579'
- Ibn Battuta (1304-1368). The travels. Chapter 10.
- Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406). An introduction to history.
-- Chapter 1. Human civilization in general.
--- Fifth prefatory discussion. Diffreneces with regard to abundance and scarcity of food...
- Al-Hassan Al-Wazzan (between 1489 and 1496 - ca. 1554). From 'Descirption of Africa'

6. Tassawuf: the mystical interiority of Sufism
- Zayn Al-'Abidin 'Ali B. Al-Husayn (ca. 658 - ca. 713). The book of the constant prostrator:
-- Supplication 6. His supplication in morning and evening
-- Supplication 8. His supplication in seeking refuge from hateful things, bad moral qualities, and blameworthy acts
- Al-Bistami (d. ca. 875). The Mi'raj
- Al-Hakim Al-Tirmidhi (fl. 9th century). The seal of the saints. The beginning of the career of Abi Abd Allah (the Sage of Tirmidh)
- Al-Sulami (937-1021). From 'The memorial of pious Sufi women'
- Al-Ghazali (1058-1111). Deliverance from error:
-- Discussion of the ways of the Sufis
-- The true nature of prophecy and the need all men have for it
-- From 'The reason for resuming teaching after having given it up'
- Ibn Al-'Arabi (1165-1240). The Meccan openings.From 'The most beautiful names: chapter 558'
- Rumi (1207-1273). The Mathnavi: book one
-- Exordium: the song of th reed
-- From 'The lion, the wolf and the fox'
-- A guest came to Joseph, and Joseph demanded a gift from him
- Isma'ili devotional songs. Two 'Ginans':
-- From 'Venti (supplication) Ruhani Visal, attributed to Pir Hasan Kabir al-Din
-- Sakhi mari atama na odhar (O friend, the saviour of my souyl), atributed to Pir Sadr al-Din
- Mulla Sadra Shirazi (ca. 1572-1640). The wisdom of the throne:
-- Principle (concerning the pre-existence of soul)
-- Principle (concerning the soul as the key to eschatology)


IV. Belles lettres: the fine arts of poetry and prose

1. Qasida: the Arabic ode
- 'Alqama (fl. 6th century). Is what you know kept secret

2. Persian lyricism and further poetic permutations
- Nizami (ca. 1141-1209). Seven beauties:
-- In the praise of the chief among prophets
-- On the prophet's ascent to heaven
- Sa'di (ca. 1215 - early 1290s). The rose garden. From 'Chapter 5. Love and youth'
- Hafiz (1325/26-1390. The collection:
-- A mad heart
-- Where are the tidings of union?
-- The riddle of life

3. Adab: fable, aphorism, and essay
- Al-Jahiz (ca. 776-868/69). From 'The art of keeping secrets and holding one's tongue'
- Ibn Hazm (994-1064). The ring of the dove. from 'The signs of love'
- The thousand and one nights (14th century). The story of the merchant and the demon. From 'The first old man's tale'
- Dara Shukoh (1615-1659). From 'The greatest secret'


V. The classical synthesius encounters modernity, 1765 to the present. Chronology

1. Colonialism and postcolonialism
- Al-Jabarti (1753-1825/26). From 'The history of the period of the French occupation'
- Nana Asma'u (1793-1864). Elegy for Bello. Bello's character
- Muhammad 'Abduh (1849-1905). The theology of unity:
-- Chapter 15. The expansion of Islam: its unparalleled speed
- Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1829-1905). Two fatwas on Hajj in British India
- Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938). Complaint
- Mahmud Shaltut (1893-1963). The Qur'an and fighting. Verses of fighting
- Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966). Milestones. From 'Chapter 4. Jihaad in the cause of God'
- Malcolm X (1925-1965). The autobiography of Malcolm X. From 'Chapter 17. Mecca'

2. The religious reassertion
- Ruhollah Khomeini (1902-1989). The first day of God's governement. The meaning of the Cultural Revolution
- Mohammed Arkoun (1928-2010). Rethinking Islam. Chapter 22. Human rights
- Usama Bin Ladin (1957-2011). The World Islamic Front
- Ebrahim Moosa (b. 1957). From 'The debts and burden of critical Islam'

3. The emergence of women's voices
- Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898). The rights of women
- Muhammad 'Abduh (1849-1905). Al-Manar commentary. From 'polygamy'
- 'Ali Shari'ati (1933-1977). Fatima is Fatima:
-- Chapter 1. Who am I?
-- From 'Chapter 2. Who is responsible?'
-- From 'Chapter 4. What should be done?'
-- From 'Chapter 6.. What role did women play in the attack?'
-- From 'Chapter 13. Why fatima?'
-- From 'Epilogue'
- Fatima Mernissi (b. 1940). The veil and the male elite. From 'Chapter 7. The Prophat and women'
- Amina Wadud (b. 1952). From 'Qur'an and woman'

4. Negotiating religious pluralism
- Nurcholish Madjid (1939-2005). From 'Islamic faith and the problem of pluralism: relations among the believers'
- Fethullah Gülen (b. 1941). Toward a global civilization of love and tolerance. Tolerance and dialogue in the Qur'an and the Sunna. Dialogue in the Muhammadan spirit and meaning. Diealogue with the people of the book. Sports and the process of dialogue
- Tariq Ramadan (b. 1962). Western Muslims and the future of Islam. Chapter 9. Interreligious dialogue

Glossaries: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Selected bibliographies: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Permissions acknowledgments

Indexes
Website(s) in overeenstemming met het werk
http://wwnorton.com
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